SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE 19TH CENTURY
Keywords:
Serfdom, Nobility, IndustrializationAbstract
This article explores the social and economic life of the Russian Empire in the 19th century, a transformative period marked by significant changes. It examines the rigid class hierarchy dominated by the nobility and a vast peasantry bound by serfdom, alongside the rise of a burgeoning middle class amid industrialization. Key reforms, particularly the Emancipation Reform of 1861, aimed to modernize the economy and improve social conditions but often fell short, leading to widespread discontent. The flourishing of literature, art, and music during this time reflects the complexities of Russian society, setting the stage for future revolutionary movements.
References
Rounding, Virginia. *Catherine the Great: Love, Sex, and Power*. St. Martin's Press, 2006.
Hughes, Lindsey. *Russia in the Age of Reaction and Reform, 1801-1881*. Longman, 1997.
Fitzpatrick, Sheila. *The Russian Revolution*. Oxford University Press, 2008.
Dostoevsky, Fyodor. *Crime and Punishment*. Various editions.
Wortman, Richard S. *Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy*. Princeton University Press, 1995.
McReynolds, Louise. *The News under Russia's Old Regime: The Development of a Mass-Circulation Press*. Princeton University Press, 1991.
Kaus, Arthur. *Catherine the Great: A Portrait*. Little, Brown and Company, 1935.
Pipes, Richard. *Russia Under the Old Regime*. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1974.
Rosenberg, William G. *The Russian Empire: A Multi-Ethnic Society*. Oxford University Press, 2007.
Trotsky, Leon. *The History of the Russian Revolution*. Pathfinder Press, 1977.
